Does transformer reasoning leave a geometric signature in representation space?
Treating the forward pass as a trajectory through representation space could reveal whether reasoning tasks and lexical tasks bend the path differently, and whether curvature itself signals computational difficulty.
Most interpretability treats each layer as an independent snapshot — probing what a layer encodes. This work reframes the forward pass as a discrete population trajectory through a high-dimensional representation manifold and asks how representations travel, not what they hold. Measuring five intrinsic geometric metrics directly in the ambient space (trajectory length, curvature, semantic convergence, layerwise cosine similarity, stability) across GPT-2, TinyLlama, and Qwen2.5, two findings stand out. Semantically related prompts undergo statistically significant trajectory convergence in middle-to-late layers (convergence index 0.41–0.58, p<0.001), consistent with attractor-like dynamics. And reasoning/analogy tasks produce markedly higher mean curvature (0.71–0.83 rad) than lexical-variation tasks (0.27–0.31 rad).
The load-bearing claim is that mean curvature encodes computational complexity — the path a hard task carves through representation space bends more than an easy one's. This is a geometric signature of difficulty computed without any labeled features, which means it could serve as a task-difficulty or reasoning-effort readout independent of behavioral outcomes. It complements the structural argument that Why do transformers need explicit chain-of-thought reasoning?: if reasoning demands more geometric work within a fixed-depth pass, curvature is where that strain shows up. It also gives a manifold-level counterpart to How do transformers learn to reason across multiple steps? — both find that reasoning leaves a distinctive geometric trace, and the convergence-into-attractors picture suggests interventions on semantic content should target the elaboration phase rather than late output layers.
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Why do transformers need explicit chain-of-thought reasoning?
Explores whether chain-of-thought is a fundamental reasoning mechanism or a workaround for architectural limitations in how transformers track evolving state across computation steps.
extends: curvature is where the fixed-depth topological strain of reasoning becomes visible
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How do transformers learn to reason across multiple steps?
Does multi-hop reasoning in transformers emerge through distinct learning phases, and what geometric patterns in hidden representations explain when reasoning succeeds or fails?
relates: both find reasoning leaves a distinctive geometric/cosine signature in representation space
Related papers in this collection 8
Papers most semantically related to this note, ranked by cosine similarity in the embedding space.
- Trajectory Geometry of Transformer Representations Across Layers
- Performative Thinking? The Brittle Correlation Between CoT Length and Problem Complexity
- Farther the Shift, Sparser the Representation: Analyzing OOD Mechanisms in LLMs
- Can Large Language Models do Analytical Reasoning?
- What Characterizes Effective Reasoning? Revisiting Length, Review, and Structure of CoT
- RL Squeezes, SFT Expands: A Comparative Study of Reasoning LLMs
- Beyond Semantics: The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Reasonless Intermediate Tokens
- Implicit Chain of Thought Reasoning via Knowledge Distillation
Original note title
the transformer forward pass is a geometric trajectory whose curvature encodes computational complexity — reasoning bends the path harder than lexical variation